Background Resources on Appalachian Folktales and Storytelling 

Compiled by Tina L. Hanlon

See also the Folklore section of the AppLit Links and the page on Folktale Collections. Many collections and picture books contain background notes and introductions on oral traditions and storytellers. For additional teaching resources, including some with their own bibliographies, see AppLit's Articles, Study Guides and Lesson Plans sections.

Most items listed here focus on Appalachian folklore, adaptations, and storytelling, but some are more general resources. For others related to children's literature, see ChLA Links to Web Sites on Folklore and Mythology.

Notes by Linnea Hendrickson are copied with permission from her online book Children's Literature: A Guide to the Criticism (G. K. Hall/Macmillan, 1987).

General Resources

A

Aarne, Antti Amatus. The Types of the Folk-tale: A Classification and Bibliography. Transl. and enl. by Stith Thompson. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1964, 1973. Classifies folktales of the world by tale types.

Accardo, Annalucia. "Divine Right's Trip: A Folk Tale or Postmodern Novel?" Review of Divine Right's Trip by Gurney Norman. Appalachian Journal, vol. 12 (Fall 1984).

Adams, Carolyn Hazlett. "Folksong Politics: The Benefits and Costs of Cussedness." Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review, vol. 26:3 (Spring 1999): pp. 264-73. Review of Romalis, Shelly. Pistol Packin' Mama: Aunt Molly Jackson and the Politics of Folksong. Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, 1999. xi, 239 pp.

Altmann, Anna E. and Gail de Vos. New Tales for Old: Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1999. Detailed analyses of eight wonder tales from European oral traditions as they have been adapted in different media: "Cinderella," "The Frog King," "Hansel and Gretel," "Little Red Riding Hood," "Rapunzel," "Rumpelstiltskin," "Sleeping Beauty," and "Snow White." Updated material on these tales appears in the sequel (see below).

Altmann, Anna E. and Gail de Vos. Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 2001. Review by Victoria G. Dworkin in Marvels & Tales, vol. 17 (Oct. 2003): pp. 280+. Dworkin describes both books as "providing a synopsis; an analysis of each tale's tale-type and motif elements according to the Aarne-Thompson indexes; a brief overview of the tale's literary history, with references to its place within oral tradition; and then a detailed annotated listing of selected scholarly critical interpretations of the tale arranged chronologically, followed by annotations of literary reworkings of each tale in novel, short story, film and stage play, poetry (which includes selected music recordings), picture book, and graphic novel form, as well as references to Internet resources and suggestions for classroom use." This book focuses on tales that have mainly literary origins: "Beauty and the Beast," "Jack the Giant Killer" and "Jack and the Bean Stalk" (both are AT 328, Boy Steals Giant's Treasure), two ballads—"Tam Lin" and "Thomas the Rhymer," and five stories from Hans Christian Andersen, with an appendix on literary reworkings of tales not discussed in the two books. "Altmann and de Vos cite Carl Lindahl's argument that 'Jack has been part of the folklore research landscape of the English-language speaking world as far back as one can research. However, this Jack was a character often off limits to women and children because of the scatological and obscene references within the tales. Only when the editors decided to market the tale to children were these "undesirable" elements eliminated from the printed tales' (53). There are references (Lindahl, the Opies, Tatar) to the 'moral' revisions made in Benjamin Tabart's The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk (1807) and subsequent retellings. Even today, the story invites commentary from both critics and revisionist authors on the moralities of the basic plot, the fact that Jack is essentially a thief who steals the giant's treasures in response to his wife's hospitality."

Alvey, R. Gerald. Kentucky Folklore. Lexington: Univ. Press of KY, 1989. New Books for New Readers series. A 60-page book that introduces the concept of culture, folk speech, and different kinds of folklore, such as songs, tales, riddles, proverbs, rhymes, and customs. Brief examples of types of folklore are given.

American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. A Teacher's Guide to Folklife Resources for K-12 Classrooms. Prepared by Peter Bartis and Paddy Bowman, 1994. Publications of the American Folklife Center, no. 19.

American Folklife Resources. The Internet Public Library's pathfinder guide for students and teachers doing research on American folklife, created by John Cicala.

American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Ed. Jan Harold Brunvand. New York: Garland, 1996. Includes entries on Jack tales, Richard Chase, etc.

Anderson, Evy Herr. "The Spell of the Storyteller: The Magic of the Oral Tradition is Being Captured—in Books and on Tapes." Publishers Weekly, vol. 240 (15 Feb. 1993): pp. 28+. Includes related article on the National Association for the Preservation and Perpetuation of Storytelling. "Brief Summary: The ancient art of storytelling is in the midst of a revival as storytellers are receiving increased recognition and encouragement from many segments of society. The stories are also finding their way into books and onto tapes. A survey of current books and tapes that feature stories is presented."

Anglin, Mark K. "A Question of Loyalty: National and Regional Identity in Narratives of Appalachia." Anthropological Quarterly 65:3 (1992 July): pp. 105-16.

Appalachian Cultural Museum, Appalachian State Univ. Index of Music/Stories Education Programs. Descriptions of available educational programs that may be booked at the museum.

Appalachian Studies Bibliography Cumulation 1994-2004. West Virginia University Libraries. Long bibliography available as searchable pdf file.

Asbury, Jo Ann.  "The Changing Image of Appalachian Children's Literature."  Paper presented at the Annual Appalachian Studies Conference. Morgantown, WV:  March 17-19, 1995. ERIC Document Number ED 385413. 12 pp.

Atkinson, David. "Resources in the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library: The Maud Karpeles Manuscript Collection." Folk Music Journal, vol. 8:1 (2001): pp. 90-101.

B

Baird, Zahra M. and Carol Katz. "Great Tales to Tell: Selecting Winners for the Anne Izard Storytellers' Choice Awards." School Library Journal, vol. 49 (Sept. 2003): pp. 48+. Full text accessed through Academic Index ASAP 1/17/04. Since 1992, this award has been given to excellent books useful for storytellers. Documentation of sources is required in all award winners, which are described at www.westchesterlibraries.org/owls/izard.html. Appalachian winners through 2002: The Jack Tales by Ray Hicks, Sobol's The Storytellers' Journey (see Sobol below), How Rabbit Tricked Otter and Other Cherokee Trickster Tales by Gayle Ross (1997), Jack Always Seeks His Fortune by Donald Davis, Listening for the Crack of Dawn by Donald Davis), Best-Loved Stories Told at the National Storytelling Festival (pub. 1991).

Banes, Ruth A. "Mythology in Music: The Ballad of Loretta Lynn." Canadian Review of American Studies/Revue Canadienne d'Etudes Americaines, vol. 16:3 (Fall 1985): pp. 283-300.

Barden, John H. 'Postle Jack Tales: Gospel Images in New Appalachian Folk Tales. Thesis (D. Min. in Preaching). McCormick Theological Seminary, 2000.

Barden, Thomas E. "A Race with a Panther: The WPA Collection of Virginia Folk Legends." VC, 41 (Winter 1992): pp. 100-111.
The Virginia legends collected "between mid-1937 and mid-1942," despite adverse factors in the collecting process, represent "the most extensive folklore fieldwork ever done in Virginia"; they "are all the folk equivalent of literature in that they create imaginative order and significance out of people's lives." Prints some of the stories.

Baringer, Sandra K. "Brer Rabbit and His Cherokee Cousin: Moving Beyond Appropriation." Trickster Lives: Culture and Myth in American Fiction. Ed. Jeanne Campbell Reesman. Athens: U of GA Press, 2001. pp. 26-52. Scholarly analysis of animal tricksters, especially those from African and Cherokee traditions.

Barosin, Vera Counts. "Recollections of Grandfather Elijah Rasnick." Historical Sketches of  Southwest Virginia. Publication 12-1978. The Historical Society of Southwest Virginia, publication 12, 1978, pp. 17-20.1857-1943. Rpt. http://www.rootsweb.com/~vawise2/sketches/HSpubl73.html. Barosin describes her grandfather's talent at telling stories passed down from the British ancestors. She quotes Chase describing Rasnick's creation of the giant's and heroine's voices in telling "Mutsmag." She also mentions his skill at scaring the children with "Chunk o' Meat" and laughing at "Jack and the Robbers."

Baughman, Ernest W. Type and Motif Index of the Folktales of England and North America. Indiana Folklore Series, no. 20. The Hague: Mouton, 1966.

Berk, Ari. "Where the White Stag Runs: Boundary and Transformation in Deer Myths, Legends, and Songs." Journal of Mythic Arts. Autumn 2003. Published online by The Endicott Studio. Includes overview of North American deer myths, including Cherokee "Little Deer." With beautiful illustrations by several artists. See also essay by Carolyn Dunn in this issue, listed below.

Berkley, June Langford. "Telling the Untold Stories," pp. 232-50. In Engelhardt, Elizabeth S. D. (ed.); and Ewen, Lynda Ann (preface). Beyond Hill and Hollow: Original Readings in Appalachian Women's Studies. Athens, OH: Ohio UP, 2005. xv, 260 pp.

Blatt, Gloria T., ed. Once Upon a Folktale: Capturing the Folklore Process with Children. New York: Teachers College Pr/Columbia U Pr, 1993.

Boggs, Ralph S. "North Carolina White Folktales and Riddles." Journal of American Folklore, vol. 47 (1934): pp. 289-328.

Bosma, Bette. Fairy Tales, Fables, Legends, and Myths: Using Folk Literature in Your Classroom. 2nd ed. New York: Teachers College Pr/Columbia U Pr, 1992.

Bronner, S. "Story-telling." The Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Chapel Hill: 1989. pp. 488-92.

Brown, Doris. "Using Jack Tales in a Second Grade Class." Hands On Fall 1987 (no. 30): pp. 20-27. ERIC Clearinghouse: RC507172. ERIC Abstract: "Describes a project in which Kentucky second grades developed puppet shows and photography activities based on traditional Appalachian oral tales. Discusses student progress in language arts skills, creativity, use of audiovisual equipment, and group cooperation."

Brown-Hudson Folklore Awards. Information on the awards established 1970 by the NC Folklore Society, with list of recipients.

Buck, Pat. "Playing the Past." Now and Then, vol. 6:3 (1989 Fall): pp. 26-29. Illus. Discusses folk rituals and folk drama.

Buffalohead, Priscilla, Grandmother Spider's Web Series. Illus. Robert DesJarlait. 1991. Four workbooks for secondary level with a teacher guide, student readings, student activities and bibliography. Developed for the American Indian Language and Culture Education Program, Anoka-Hennepin School District, Minnesota State Department of Education. B/w illustrations by a Red Lake Ojibwe artist. The 4 volumes are:

• Grandmother Spider's Web: Incorporating American Indian Themes into the Secondary Curriculum
• Modern Indian Issues: Repatriation, Religious Freedom, Mascots and Stereotypes, Tribal Sovereign, Tribal Government, Tribal Enterprises, Treaty Rights
• Ojibway Family Life in Minnesota: 20th Century Sketches
• Traditional Indian Stories: Selections from the Ojibway, Cherokee, and Hopi Nations

Burns, Paul C. "Tennessee's Teller of Tall Tales—William O. Steele." Elementary English, vol. 38 (December 1961): 545-48. Concentrates on Steele's tall tales rather than on his historical fiction (note by Linnea Hendrickson).

Burrison, John A., ed. Storytellers: Folktales and Legends from the South. Athens, GA: U of GA Pr, 1989.

Burton, Tom. "The Lion's Share: Scottish Ballads in Southern Appalachia." Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 58:3 (1997): pp. 95-101.

Burton, Thomas; and Ambrose Manning. "A Checklist of Child Ballad Variants Found in Southern Appalachia." Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 58:3 (1997): pp. 102-16.

Bush, Betty J., et al. "Stimulating Children to Read and Write through Jack Tales." Reading Teacher, vol. 45 (Mar. 1992): pp. 554-55. ERIC Clearinghouse: CS743133. Short article about intermediate-grade students studying the basic plot and traditional motifs in "'Jack and the Beanstalk," then writing their own tales set in different cultures they research. Several excerpts are given from the beginning and end of student tales such as "Pedro and the Cocoa Tree."

Byers, Judy P. "Folk Literature as Examples of Fantasy in Central Appalachia: An Annotated Bibliography." Journey Through Fantasy Literature: A Resource Guide for Teachers. Vol. II. Ed. Roberta T. Herrin and Sarah K. Davis. Johnson City, TN: East TN State Univ., 1992. pp. 147-51.

Byrne, Pat. Folklore and Literature: A Selected Bibliography. In Fairy Tales web site, English Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

C

Cameron, Kenneth Walter. West Virginia University Sixty Years Ago: Memories of Louis Watson Chappell: Folklorist of Appalachia and the Albermarle. Hartford: Transcendental, 1989. 14 pp. Illus.

Carroll-McQuillan, Synia. "Folktales—the Mirror of Humanity."  Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Vol. II (1993). Curriculum Unit 93.02.02. Online at http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1993/2/93.02.02.x.html (23 Jan. 1998). Focuses on African and African-Amercian tales. "This [six-week] unit is directed towards a middle school population; however, with some adjustments it could be made suitable for older or younger children. Many folktales are intergenerational and listeners of all ages take what they want and need from them."

Carter, Isobel Gordon. "Mountain White Folk-Lore: Tales from the Southern Blue Ridge." Journal of American Folklore, vol. 38 (1925): pp. 340-74. A landmark article containing Jack tales Carter recorded in 1923 from Jane Hicks Gentry (1863-1925).

Charlton, Ann Carper, The Implementation of Appalachian Folklore for a Secondary Curriculum. Hollins College Thesis. Roanoke, VA: Hollins College, 1986. 26 pp.

Chase, Richard (1904-88). See AppLit's Richard Chase Bibliography. Items by Chase or focused solely on Chase's work are no longer added to this page after 5/30/03. There are many background notes and commentaries on folklore in Chase's books, recordings, and archived materials. It is also likely that almost any resource discussing or reprinting American Jack tales will mention Chase (who is not the same as the American literary critic Richard Volney Chase, 1914-62).

Cherokees. Now and Then, vol. 3 (Autumn 1986). Issue on Cherokee Indians in Appalachia, with poetry, articles, fiction, book reviews, and photos. Edited by Pat Arnow, and Mary Chiltoskey. East Tennessee State Univ: Center for Appalachian Studies and Services. Articles: "The Story of My Life as Far Back as I Remember" by Aggie Ross Lossiah and edited by Joan Greene; "Goingback Chiltoskey, Master Carver," by Joan Greene; "Daughter of Tahlequah," a profile of storyteller Gayle Ross by Jill Oxendine; "Maggie Axe Wachacha: Beloved Woman of the Cherokees," by Patricia A. Swan; "Saving the Then for Now," by Pat Arnow; "Cherokee Eden (with Asides): An Alternative to the Apple," by Marilou Awiakta; "Marilou Awiakta: Eye of the Deer," by Parks Lanier; and "Fears and Challenges," by Robert Youngdeer. Short stories include "Brownies: A Cherokee Legend," by Ruth Ledford; and "The Tsali Legend," by John Parris.

The Cherokees for Educators. Internet School Library Media Center, with bibliographies and links to many resources. The Arts & Literature section of the page leads to Cherokee storytelling resources and online tales.

Childers, Russ. Traditional Appalachian Music and Stories. Web site by a native of Eastern KY living in Ohio, a musician and storyteller, with Appalachian booklists, information on a 1983 Off-Broadway show on Appalachian traditions (Close Harmonies), student activities on traditional instruments and stories, teacher resources, Appalachian links.

Cocke, Dudley and Edward Wemytewa, eds. Journeys Home: Revealing a Zuni-Appalachia Collaboration. Auni, NM: Zuni A:shiwi Publishing, 2002. Foreword by Gregory Cajete. From the Publisher: "The story of the sixteen-year collaboration between artists from two of the United States' most traditional cultures, and the bilingual play they made together." Kentucky's Roadside Theater collaborated with Zuni Pueblo's Idiwanan An Chawe (Children of the Middle Place), the first Zuni language theater, in western New Mexico. Their play, "Corn Mountain/Pine Mountain: Following the Seasons," which toured nationally, is included in the book. It combines "traditional and original stories, oral histories, humor, music, and dance to celebrate and comment upon two agricultural ways of life that once provided physical and spiritual sustenance for people in Zuni and Appalachia. . . . The Zuni writing in Journeys Home is the most inclusive example of written Zuni extant, and the book, with the accompanying CD, will become a primary text for teaching written Zuni." The play includes a tale called "Jack and the Animals/Jack dap Swa'hol Wowe." Historical background on Appalachia and an essay by Tony Earley on Appalachian dialect are also included.

Community Arts Network. CAN "promotes information exchange, research and critical dialogue within the field of community-based arts, that is, art made as a voice and a force within a specific community of place, spirit or tradition. CAN was initiated in 1999 through a partnership between Art in the Public Interest, a national nonprofit organization, and The Virginia Tech Department of Theatre Arts' Consortium for the Study of Theatre and Community." Web site includes articles and other items on folklore, storytelling, and other arts in Appalachia and worldwide.

Conley, Robert J. "Backtracking from Oklahoma to North Carolina: An Interview with Robert J. Conley. Appalachian Journal, vol. 28 (Spring 2001): pp. 326-44. "An author of historical fiction about the Cherokee Indians discusses how stories told by his Cherokee grandmother were woven into his books, differences between Cherokee reservation life in Oklahoma and North Carolina, the Cherokee education system, the writing system that Sequoyah developed, and the 'ugly realities' of being a full-time writer" (ERIC).

Cox, John Harrington. "Negro Tales from West Virginia." Journal of American Folklore, vol. 47 (1934).

Crabbe, Katharyn F. "Folk Over Fakelore—but Is It Art?" School Library Journal, vol. 26 (November 1979): 42-43. Maintains that "most of the highly structured folktales for children are really fakelore" (note by Linnea Hendrickson).

Crandall, David. "Jack and the Signifying Machines." Appalachian Heritage 28 (Winter 2000): 29-41.

The Cratis Williams Symposium Proceedings: A Memorial and Examination of the State of Regional Studies in Appalachia. Ed. Barry M. Buxton, et al. Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium, 1989.

Crockett, Davy. See references on Davy Crockett page, with both historical/biographical and folklore materials.

Cruikshank, Wendy. "Gigantic Learning with Giants." Lesson plan on giants in fairy tales, by a teacher in Calgary, Alberta. Scholastic web site. Reprinted from Instructor magazine, Jan. 2003. Recommends a variety of tales with giants, including Jack Outwits the Giant by Paul Brett Johnson. Includes a variety of activities focusing on setting, rhymes, language, numbers, reader's theater, etc.

D

Davenport, Tom. See AppLit's Bibliography of Davenport Fairy Tale Films and Davenport Films web site, for information on live-action film adaptations of folktales and documentaries on Appalachian life.

Davis, Charles Thomas III.  "Jack as Archetypal Hero." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 26 (1978):  pp. 134-43. In special issue on Jack tales. Based primarily on Chase's and Ray Hicks' Jack tales, discusses Jack as "a changing, dynamic hero. . . a typical Märchen hero" (134). The forest, an underworld setting, full of monsters, takes us into chaos and the unconscious, back to our beginning, where creation and morality are possible, where the miraculous is ordinary. Jack is the abused, youngest child who finds the just recognition denied him earlier. He is in the dark, in winter (in "Jack and the Northwest Wind"), a heavenly demonic world (up beanstalk, etc.), in the realm of the Jungian shadow archetype, from the personal to the collective unconscious, where the individual will be destroyed or made new. He faces chaotic opponents such as witches that are demonic mother images or anima, from whom he must rescue his feminine identity. King Marock is one of the animus figures—"an embodiment of the woman's rejected masculinity" (136), as are other fathers who try to keep their daughters from Jack. Chase's Fire Dragaman has a blue beard, the dragon luring women "into the realm of death" (136-37). Dragons and King Marock are bisexual, anima projection for Jack and animus for the girls. Dragaman and giants make the newground a wilderness, as the witch destroys the mill in "Sop Doll" and wild animals make king's land a wilderness in "Jack and the Varmints." Jack integrates "man's rejected animal instinct" in "Jack and the Robbers," reclaims wilderness from robbers. Mankind's psychological archetypal shadow and cosmological mastery of chaotic monsters are combined, linking Self with nature, Psyche with both outer and inner world. Guardian figures who help Jack are young woman, animal, or wise old man, combining different dimensions of the gigantic or omnipresent self embracing or containing the cosmos. Jack is a small, weak, impotent being, archetype of the child savior, "the preconscious, instinctual-animal impulses in the human personality" (139). The märchen hero brings light from dark, order from disorder, masters sponteneity and has "integrated his powers into a pattern of power and success which undergirds the elements of future and promise" (139). When Jack's stories are most clearly märchen, his success is cosmic and social, not individual. Jack's magical objects and helpers are extensions of himself, must be used wisely. In other tales, he doesn't need help to succeed.

Davis, Donald. "Inside the Oral Medium." The National Storytelling Journal, vol. 1, no. 3 (Summer 1984).

Davis, Donald. Telling your Own Stories: For Family and Classroom Storytelling, Public Speaking and Personal Journaling. Little Rock: August House, 1993.

Davis, Hubert J. 'Pon My Honor Hit's the Truth: Tall Tales from the Mountains. Murfreesboro: Johnson Pubs., 1973.

Dean, Rebecca Kay. "I'll Meet You in the Air: A Cultural Study of Appalachian Pentecostal Radio Preaching." Univ. of Pittsburg diss. 1998. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 59:6 (1998 Dec), 2071.

Denton, J., and J. Seay. "Wicked Witches of North Carolina." Esquire Oct. 1976, pp. 116-17.

Dundes, Alan, ed. Analytic Essays in Folklore. The Hague: Mouton, 1975. Dundes' essay "Metafolklore and Oral Literary Criticism" (pp. 50-58) influenced Cheryl Oxford's 1987 dissertation on Wautaga County, NC Jack Tales. "Dundes urges collectors to be sensitive to 'metafolklore,' a group's lore about their own folk traditions, and to elicit a 'folk exegesis' of the verbal art being recorded." Oxford thus chose to "include biographical information" on Marshall Ward and Ray and Stanley Hicks, "as well as their oral literary criticism regarding the Jack Tales" (diss. p. 13).

Dundes, Alan, ed. Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel: Readings in the Interpretation of Afro-American Folklore. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Essays include "The Steel Drivin' Man" by Leon R. Harris and "The Career of 'John Henry'" by Richard M. Dorson. Also essays by Zora Neale Hurston, including "High John de Conquer" (most of her folklore is from farther south than Appalachia), "Superstitions and Folklore of the South" by Charles W. Chesnutt, and essays on the relationship between Native American and African American folktales. The book has many interesting essays but no index.

Dundes, Alan, ed. "Texture, Text, and Context." Southern Folklore Quarterly, vol. 28 (1964): pp. 251-65. "Dundes' triple emphasis upon texture, text, and context" was a major influence on Cheryl Oxford's 1987 dissertation on Wautaga County, NC Jack Tales (diss. pp. 12-13).

Dunn, Carolyn. "Deer Woman And the Living Myth of the Dreamtime." Journal of Mythic Arts. Autumn 2003. Published online by The Endicott Studio. Analysis of deer woman myths by a California writer who is part Cherokee includes discussion of Cherokee and other traditions. With lines from poem “Deer Dancer” by Joy Harjo and beautiful illustrations by several artists. Also "Charm Song for Hunting a Deer," poem by Dunn. See also article by Ari Berk, listed above, and art exhibit in this issue, "Shape-Shifters: Art Inspired by Animal-Human Transformation Myths," including art by SW VA artist Charles Vess.

E

Edwards, Grace Toney. Review of May the Devil Walk Behind Ye! Scottish Traveller Tales by Duncan Williamson and Outwitting the Devil: Jack Tales from Wise County, Virginia edited by Charles Purdue. Now & Then 9 (Summer 1992).  In issue devoted to The Scottish-Appalachian Connection.

Edwards, Grace Toney. "Wonder Tales in Appalachia." Full text in AppLit, reprinted from Journey Through Fantasy Literature:  A Resource Guide for Teachers. Vol. I.  Ed. Roberta T. Herrin. Johnson City, TN: East TN State Univ., 1992.

Edwards, Grace Toney, JoAnn Aust Asbury, and Ricky L. Cox, ed. A Handbook to Appalachia: An Introduction to the Region. Knoxville, Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2006. Excellent introduction to regional studies by a variety of scholars, including "Appalachian Folklore" by Deborah Thompson and Irene Moser, and a section by Roberta Herrin on children's literature.

Ellis, Bill. Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religion and the Media. Lexington, Univ. of KY Press, 2000. Includes study of satanic folklore. By a folklorist, native of Roanoke, VA.

Ellis, Bill. "Why is a Lucky Rabbit's Foot Lucky? Body Parts as Fetishes." Journal of Folklore Research, vol. 39 (Jan-April 2002): 51ff (36 pp.). Available online through library services such as Academic Index ASAP. Includes discussion of Jack tales by Maud Long, Richard Chase, and others, in which paws and hands are cut off, such as "Jack and the Sop Doll." Ellis argues that the rabbit's foot superstition links to a complex body of Anglo and African American folk beliefs related to social power struggles. "Possessing a fetish that embodies the essence of a dangerous Other—whether trickster, badman, or witch—and using it for one's own purposes effectively neutralizes the threat represented by that Other."

Ellis, Elizabeth, and Loren Niemi, Loren. Inviting the Wolf in: Thinking About the Difficult Story. Little Rock, Ark: August House, 2001. A book on symbolism and psychoanalysis in storytelling. Ellis, a native of the Kentucky mountains, is a popular storyteller at the National Storytelling Festival.

Encyclopedia of Appalachia. Ed. Rudy Abramson and Jean Haskell. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2006. Entries are arranged alphabetically within each section, such as Cultural Traditions: Folklore and Folklife, Cultural Traditions: Humor, Cultural Traditions: Language, Cultural Traditions: Literature.  Entries by 1000 contributors. Contents overview, sample entries and background at encyclopedia web site. AP article on publication of the book by Duncan Mansfield, "Reference Book Tackles 'Hillbilly' Stereotype: Work Chronicles Facts on Appalachia," Louisville [KY] Courier-Journal 6 Mar. 2006. Similar article "Encyclopedia of Appalachia Offers Realistic Picture of Region" in Kingsport [Tenn.] Times-News 9 Mar. 2006. ETSU news report 3 Mar. 2006. Article by  Bob Batz Jr., "Encyclopedia Opens Window on Appalachia," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 14 Mar. 2006.

Ensor, Wanda. "Tales of the Supernatural Collected in Mitchell and Yancey Counties, North Carolina." Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin, vol. 38 (1972): pp. 61-71.

F

Fine, Elizabeth C. "‘Lazy Jack’: Coding and Contextualizing Resistance in Appalachian Women’s Narratives." NWSA Journal: A Publication of the National Women’s Studies Association vol. 11 (Fall 1999): pp. 112-137. Available online through library services such as Academic Index ASAP. Transcribes and analyzes storyteller Beverly Olivia Carter-Sexton's feminist retelling of "Lazy Jack," in which she "recasts a Jack tale involving cannibalism and self-cannibalism into a tale that challenges traditional gender and economic relationships that the storyteller has observed in her native Rockcastle County, Kentucky."

Flagg, Ann. "Legends of Native Americans." Instructor, vol. 109 (Nov-Dec 1999): pp. 33-38. ERIC Abstract: "Presents a theme unit that includes elementary-level, cross-curricular lessons about lifestyle, belief systems, traditions, and history of Native Americans. The unit includes a poster which offers a traditional Cherokee story, literature on Native American legends, and a variety of cross-curricular activities. The unit ends with students writing their own classroom legends."

Folk Heroes. Section in West Virginia's Appalachian Music and Literature teaching unit, with a variety of teaching materials on tall tale heroes Tony Beaver and John Henry. Includes audio reading and music, illustrations, writing exercises, discussion questions. Also contains sections on Ghosts, Humor, other resources, etc. (These pages formerly in West Virginia World School web site, now reprinted in AppLit.)

Folklore. Appalachian Studies Bibliography 1994-1999. West Virginia University Libraries.

Folklore Listserv, 1990-. http://listserv.tamu.edu/cgi/wa?SUBED1=folklore&A=1.

Folklore Titles Published by University of Kentucky Press. http://www.kentuckypress.com/viewsubject.cfm?Group=13. See also catalog category Kentucky and Regional Studies.

Folkstreams.net. A web site created by Tom and Mimi Davenport, folklorist Daniel Patterson, and others in 2002  "to build a national preserve of hard-to-find documentary films about American folk or roots cultures.... [and] to give them renewed life by streaming them on the internet." Includes Davenport's documentary films about Appalachia and other American films. The web site contains a growing collection of extensive background material on folklore, including reprinted journal articles, and the making of the films. The Regions page lists Appalachian films.

Folk Tales from Around the World. A project to teach children international folktales, with participating schools from many nations. Contains materials on American tall tales, including John Henry and Swamp Angel.

Foxfire. Magazines and books in which teachers and students have collected Appalachian folklore since 1966. Also a play, a museum, and a center for materials on collaborative teaching and learning. Mountain City, GA. Foxfire books are also described and sold in the web site of  The Jesse Stuart Foundation: A Regional Press and Bookseller.

Francis, Lee, and James Bruchac, eds. Reclaiming the Vision: Past, Present, and Future Native Voices for the Eighth Generation. Greenfield Center, NY: Greenfield Review Press,1996. 170 pp. ERIC Abstract: "This book describes the 'Returning the Gift' project, designed to create new opportunities for North American Native writers to share their work with Native youth, the overall Native community, and the general public. The project included a festival that brought together over 200 current and emerging Native American writers (Norman, Oklahoma, July 8-11, 1992); creation of several organizations; publication of a directory of North American Native writers; and outreach writing workshops in schools. 'The Eighth Generation: Native Writing in the 21st Century' (Joseph Bruchac III) introduces the book, and 'Celebrating the Vision' (Lee Francis) provides personal observations of the writers festival. Edited excerpts of talks . . . summarize each speaker's message." The plenary session themes were (1) "Writing for Our Children, Writing for Ourselves" ( Native writing and Native identity, poetry writing, storytelling, writing in Native languages), (2) "Emerging Native Images" (weaving together our community voice, Natives in the media, Native writing and autobiography, teaching Native literature), (3) "Entering the Canons" (our place in world literature), and (4) "Earth and the Circle of Life" (Native writers and the environment). Storytelling discussions are by A. C. Ross, Vi Hilbert, Gayle Ross—"The Art of Traditional Storytelling," Sherman Alexie—"The Art of Contemporary Storytelling," and Carol Lee Sanchez—"The Performing Poet As an 'Almost Storyteller.'" "'Combining Voice with Vision' (James Bruchac) describes the writing workshops held in schools throughout Indian country." Eight lesson plans from the workshops are included. "The Wordcraft Circle Vision" (Lee Francis) describes a project that links writing mentors and apprentices, and mentors provide practical tips in the book. "An anthology presents poems and short stories by student participants in the festival, workshops, and mentoring circles. Also includes contributor profiles and pieces by project mentors."

Frankie Silver Resources. AppLit bibliography by Lana A. Whited, with links to related essays.

Frome, Allan. Our Appalachia: An Oral History. Hill and Wang Pub., 1977. Reprint edition. Lexington: U of KY Press, 1988. Ed. Laurel Shackelford and Bill Weinberg.

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Gainer, Patrick W., ed. Witches, Ghosts, and Signs. Morgantown, WV: Seneca Books, 1975. "Dr. Gainer was an eminent folklorist and folk song scholar who taught these topics for many years at WVU. This important source book and collection is a compilation of his lectures and research in Appalachian language patterns along with verbal lore as expressed in festival traits, weather signs, remedies and cures, beliefs and superstitions, plus other examples of nature lore" (note by Judy P. Byers).

Gantt, Patricia M. "'Controlling the Image-Making': Domestic Traditions and Women's Identity in Appalachian Literature." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 42:2 (Summer-Fall 1995): pp. 91-104.

Garenton, Valerie. "Children's Games." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 21 (1973): pp. 27-31.

Gates, Larry and Terrie. Hummingbirds in Native American Mythology summarizes a variety of myths, including several Cherokee ones. The Hummingbird Web Site, 1999-2002.

Glassie, Henry. "Three Southern Mountain Jack Tales." Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin, vol. 30 (1964): pp. 88-102. Cheryl Oxford's dissertation notes that 2 of Glassie's storytellers are from NC and his transcriptions are valuable but he includes no notes on performance style or context.

Gilstrap, Robert L. and Doris Evens. "Folktales in the Middle Grades." Childhood Education vol. 73 (Fall 1996): 23ff. Available online through library services such as Academic Index ASAP. Discusses the value of using personal folktales; local, state and regional folktales; and national and international folktales in the middle school curriculum. Gives lists of favorite folktale collections, including Richard Chase's Jack Tales.

Glen, John M. "The War on Poverty in Appalachia: Oral History from the Top Down and the Bottom Up." The Oral History Review: Journal of the Oral History Association, vol. 22:1 (Summer 1995): pp. 67-93.

Goforth, Frances S. and Carolyn V. Spillman. Using Folk Literature in the Classroom: Encouraging Children to Read and Write. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1994.

Golden, Susan. "Appalachia." Book Links May 1991: pp. 14-21. Annotated bibliography.

Golden, Susan. "Reading the World—Appalachia: An Update." Book Links May 1996: pp. 34-40. Annotated bibliography.

Green, Lewis W. "Ghosts (by the Wind Grieved)." Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review, vol. 16:2 (Winter 1989): pp. 165-170.

Gruner, Elisabeth Rose. "Saving 'Cinderella': History and Story in Ashpet and Ever After. Children's Literature 31 (2003): 142-54. Discusses Tom Davenport's film Ashpet.

Gutierrez, C. Paige. "The Jack Tale: A Definition of a Folk Tale Sub-Genre." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 26 (1978): pp. 85-110. In special issue on Jack Tales. Detailed analysis of the character of Jack and structure of Jack tales, based on study of 51 tales from the Beech Mountain vicinity. Observes four types of luck in Jack's tales, some of which are caused by actions leading to success, not just chance. Shows that Jack has a consistent character based on perspectives and social realities of poor American farm families, who have similarities with European peasants but even less contact with upper classes (thus Jack never appears as rich or royal in beginning, "lack" at outset is caused by existing poverty, usually not interference by villain).

Gutierrez, Charlotte Paige. "The Jack Tales." M. A. Thesis. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1975.

Gutierrez, C. Paige. "The Narrative Style of Marshall Ward, Jack Tale-Teller." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 26 (1978): pp. 111-126. In special issue on Jack Tales. With photos and excerpts from Ward's tales. Analyzes Ward's life and career as teacher and tale-teller, including influences between Ward and Richard Chase. Then his style, repertory, and context of performance are analyzed. Discusses social values conveyed in Ward's versions of tale, in, for example, his avoidance of harm caused by Jack and of marriage without romantic love, his concern for the victims of pranks (while others just enjoy the humor), his emphasis on personal relationships and emotions. Ward made up new Jack tales with traditional motifs, such as "'Jack and the Watermelon' in which Jack grows a giant watermelon, digs his way through it, and becomes king of the watermelon people." In "'Jack and the Log Cabin,' . . . Jack builds his mother a house from a single giant log." From Chase's Grandfather Tales, he told "Jack and the Outlaws" (Robin Hood) and "The Three Pigs" (with Jack as the youngest pig) (p. 121). "'Jack's Travels' is a mixture of original material, Ward claims, and portions of Gullivers Travels" (see Chase Jack Tales, p. ix.). Ward's tales all have the "'lack/lack liquidated' structure common to most Jack Tales" and the hero is "the same 'traditional nonconformist'" (p. 122). Also comments on influences of modernized versions of Jack Tales passed on by Ward and spread of tales to middle class through written versions. Cheryl Oxford's 1987 dissertation observes that this article is one of very few previous scholarly discussions of regional storytellers and performance style.

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Haase, Donald, ed. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. 3 vols. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2008. Entries dealing with Appalachian tales include "Beech Mountain Jack Tale" by Thomas McGowan; "Davenport, Tom (1939–)" by Tina L. Hanlon; "Jack Tales" and "North American Tales" by William Bernard McCarthy, "Spinning" by D. L. Ashliman (discussion of "Sam and Sooky" in Chase's Grandfather Tales as an example of the tale type The Lazy Spinning Woman and "The Girl That Weren't Ashamed to her Own Kin" in Marie Campbell's Tales from the Cloud Walking Country as an example of tales providing "a vicarious release from the drudgery of spinning"); and "Storytelling" by Joseph Daniel Sobol.

Hackworth, Dianne. Dianne's Storytelling Site. North Carolina storyteller's site includes Storytellers' and Educators' Resources, with detailed bibliographies on storytelling.

Hall, Joseph S. "Witchlore and Ghostlore in the Great Smokeys." Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin, vol. 36 (1970): pp.31-36.

Halpert, Herbert. "Folktales in Children's Books: Some Notes and Reviews." Midwest Folklore, vol. 2, no. 1 (Spring 1952): 59-71. Surveys children's folktale collections as items of interest to folklorists, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses and suggesting criteria for evaluation. Discusses the importance of authenticity and scholarship, pointing out the work of Richard Chase and Harold Courlander as outstanding examples. (notes by Linnea Hendrickson).

Hamessley, Lydia. "Resisting Performance of an Appalachian Traditional Murder Ballad: Giving Voice to 'Pretty Polly'." Women & Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture, vol. 9 (2005): pp. 13-36. Available through Project Muse. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v009/9.1hamessley.pdf.

Hanlon, Tina L. "Chinese Students Learn Jack Tales." In The Franklin News-Post [Rocky Mount, VA], 19 June 2006, with headline "China Students Learn about Jack Tales." Full text in AppLit at this link. Article on Jack Tale Player Thomas Townsend teaching Stephenson's Jack Tale adaptations to students in China.

Hanlon, Tina L. "Digging Deeper in the Oral Tradition: Faculty/Student Research on Appalachian Folktales." Presentation based on research by Tina Hanlon, N. Michelle Vincent, and Rex Stephenson at Appalachian Studies Association Conference, Dayton, Ohio, Mar. 18, 2006.

Hanlon, Tina L. "From Fool of the World to Regional Trickster: Adaptations of European-American Folktales in Appalachia." Paper presented at Congress of the International Research Society for Children's Literature, Trinity College, Dublin, Aug. 14, 2005.

Hanlon, Tina L. "Folktales in Appalachian Fiction for Children and Young Adults." Paper presented at Appalachian Studies Association Conference, Eastern Kentucky Univ., Richmond, KY, March 30, 2003. Abstract in AppLit.

Hanlon, Tina L. "The Jack Tales in Appalachia." "On Writers and Writing": Papers Presented at the Virginia Humanities Conference, March 28-30, 1996. Charlottesville: Univ. of VA, 1996.

Hanlon, Tina L. "Old and New Stories from Appalachia." The Five Owls  No. 3, 2003, issue on The New South. Reprinted in The Five Owls web site.

Hanlon, Tina L. "Strong Women in Appalachian Folktale Dramatizations by R. Rex Stephenson." 2001-2003. Full text in AppLit.

Hanlon, Tina L. "Strong Women in Appalachian Folktales." The Lion & the Unicorn, vol. 24 (April 2000):  pp. 225-46.  Earlier version in Proceedings of the Virginia Humanities Conference, April 1994. Christopher Newport U, 1994. Available online at this link through Project Muse.

Hanlon, Tina L. and Lana Whited. "Ferrum Performers Keep Jack Tales Alive." ALCA-Lines:  Journal of the Assembly on the Literature and Culture of Appalachia, vol. V (1997):  pp. 20-23.  Full text reprinted in AppLit.

Hardin, James. "Storytellers Weave Tradition and Personal Experience at the National Book Festival." Folklife Center News (Library of Congress) 25, No. 4 (Fall 2003): 11-12. Other articles in this newsletter refer to Appalachian storytelling also. The print and pdf. versions of this newsletter contain photos.

Harvey, Todd. "Jack Tales and Their Tellers in the Archive of Folk Culture." Folklife Center News (Library of Congress) 25, No. 4 (Fall 2003): 7-10. Other articles in this newsletter refer to Appalachian storytelling also. The print and pdf versions have photos of Ray Hicks, Maud Long, Richard Chase, and Frank Warner.

Hathaway, Joyce A. "The Uses of Appalachian Culture and Oral Tradition in the Teaching of Literature to Adolescents." Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1979, 182 pp., DA 40:3933A. Emphasizes the Jack Tales and compares their use in the oral tradition and their use in written literature. (note by Linnea Hendrickson)

Hayes, Bruce P.; and Margaret MacEachern. "Quatrain Form in English Folk Verse." Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America 74:3 (1998 Sept): pp. 473-507.

Hearne, Betsy. "Swapping Tales and Stealing Stories: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Folklore in Children's Literature." Library Trends, vol. 47 (Winter 1999): pp. 509-28.

Hedges, James S. "Attributive Mutation in Cherokee Natural History Myth." North Carolina Folklore Jounral., vol. 21 (1973): pp. 147-54.

Henigan, Julie. "'Mother Bake My Cake and Kill My Cock': Social Structure and the Irish and American Social Structure." North Carolina Folklore Journal, 34:2 (Summer-Fall 1987): pp. 87-105. Discusses folk narrative, Jack tales, Ireland and United States, Appalachia, structure, characterization, relationship to society (WorldCat).

Henry, John. See AppLit's index page on variants of the John Henry legend and annotated bibliography.

Herrin, Roberta. "The Culture and the Classroom." Appalachian Journal, vol. 29 (Summer 2002): 425-27. In this short article, part of a forum on teaching Appalachian studies by excellent teacher-scholars, Herrin discusses hearing Richard Chase's Jack tales read at school in 3rd grade and learning later to appreciate folklore archetypes, not stereotypes, in tricksters such as Jack and Sut Luvingood.

Herrin, Roberta. "Folk Medicine for the Wee Folk." Paper presented at Appalachian Studies Association Conference, Eastern Kentucky Univ., Richmond, KY, March 30, 2003. Abstract in AppLit.

Herrin, Roberta. "Universal Themes in Appalachian Children's Literature." Education in Appalachia:  Proceedings from the 1987 Conference on Appalachia. University of KY: The Appalachian Center. 117-23.

Herrin, Roberta T., and Sarah K. Davis, eds. Journey through Fantasy Literature: A Resource Guide for Teachers. 2 Vols. Johnson City: East Tennessee State Univ., 1992. Developed by participants in a Teachers Institute sponsored by East Tennessee State University and the National Endowment for the Humanities, 1988–89. Selections from these volumes that involve Appalachian literature (mainly folktales) are reprinted in this web site as AppLit study guides and articles.

Hickman, Carolyn Neale. "'What to Throw Away/What to Keep': Mobilizing Expressive Culture and Regional Reconstruction in Appalachia." Univ. of NC-Chapel Hill diss., 1999.  Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 60:7 (2000 Jan), 2493. Includes discussion of folk literature and a number of writers.

Hicks. See AppLit's bibliography Ray and Orville Hicks: Storytellers of North Carolina, and Other Storytellers from the Hicks-Harmon Family.

Higgs, Robert J., Ambrose N. Manning, and Jim Wayne Miller, eds.  Appalachia Inside Out:  A Sequel to Voices from the Hills.  2 vols. Knoxville:  U of TN Pr, 1995.  Essays, stories, and poems on all aspects of Appalachian studies, including folklore, humor, and education. Vol. 2 chap. 4, Dialect and Language, contains two essays on storyteller Ray Hicks and a copy of "Whickety-Whack, into my Sack" as told by Hicks.

Hill, Reinhold L. "'These Stories Are Not 'Real,' but They Are as Real as I Can Make Them': Lee Smith's Literary Ethnography." Southern Folklore 57:2 (2000): pp. 106-18.

Hillchild: A Folklore Chapbook about, for, and by West Virginia Children. Edited by Dr. Judy Byers and Noel W. Tenney, West Virginia Folklife Center, Fairmont State College. Vol. 1, 2002, contains stories, background, and related activities on tall tales and WV hero Tony Beaver, with cover drawing of Tony Beaver by Noel W. Tenney. Also contains letters by Cheryl Ware and her fictional character Venola Mae, and a version with illustration of rhyme "The Marriage of the Frog and the Mouse." This first issue was given to every fourth grade class in the state. More detail in AppLit's Review of Hillchild. Vol. 2, 2003, has the theme of nature.

Hobbs, J.E. "Sketches from Appalachia." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 22 (1974): pp. 26-32.

Horton, Laurel, and Mabel Moser. "Selected Folklore Books and Other Media Resources for North Carolina Schools." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 26 (1978): pp. 37-43.

Horwitz, Jane. "Developing a Mountain Range: Spirit of Appalachian Wonder Tales Inspires 'Sing Down the Moon' Writers." The Washington Post 21 Mar. 2000: Style p. C05, Final Edition. Full text accessed through Lexis-Nexis 5/7/03. About a production at Theater of the First Amendment of a musical "adaptation by playwright Mary Hall Surface of six Appalachian 'wonder tales' that combine and regionalize European fairy tales." Surface, a KY native, describes her Jungian approach to the tales about growing up.

House, Christine Y. "Cultural Understanding through Folklore." Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Vol. II (1993). Curriculum Unit 93.02.05. http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1993/2/93.02.05.x.html (23 Jan. 1998). A narrative explanation of a teaching unit. "The focus of my unit will be to teach cultural understanding to third graders by reading, viewing and sharing folktales from a variety of sources around the world. It has become increasingly clear to me that many inner-city children don’t have a sense of their own history. . . . I will emphasize the ancestry of the students in my schools, but I don’t want to limit the study simply to folklore from Black, African or Puerto Rican traditions. Since we all live in the United States, I want to include stories from many lands, with a strong emphasis on the American Indian. . . . Also, many of our children are of Indian extraction, be it Cherokee, Blackfeet, Taino or Mayan."

Huber, Patrick. "Red Necks and Red Bandanas: Appalachian Coal Miners and the Coloring of Union Identity, 1912-1936." Western Folklore, 65:1-2 (2006 Winter-Spring): pp. 195-210. Discusses folk literature and song of coal miners.

Humez, Nick. "Uncle Fud." Verbatim: The Language Quarterly, 27:3 (2002 Summer):  pp. 23-27. MLA Bibliography subject headings: Folk literature; folk poetry; ballad; Appalachia; use of kinship terms.

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In The Mountain State: A West Virginia Folklore and Cultural Studies Curriculum "is designed primarily as a teacher's guide for 4-8 grade program of West Virginia studies; however, it provides an excellent resource for other applications on both elementary and secondary levels. It is useful in English, social studies, and arts (visual arts, folk arts, music/vocal-instrumental, dance, etc.) It is also useful in non-academic settings." West Virginia Folklife Center, Fairmont State College.

Isbell, Robert. The Keepers: Mountain Folk Holding on to Old Skills and Talents. Photos by Arthur Tilley. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair Publishing. "In a time when the arts and crafts of the pioneers are often practiced in imitation, the men and women in these pages—keepers of the old ways—honor the teachings of their forebears. This is a glimpse into their lives" (from description at publisher's web site).

Isbell, Robert. Ray Hicks: Master Storyteller of the Blue Ridge. Foreword by Wilma Dykeman. Chapel Hill: Univ. of NC Press, 2001. Originally published: The Last Chivaree, 1996. Includes bibliography. 175 pp.

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Jackson, Sarah Evelyn. "Ashley Weaver: Microcosm of Appalachia." Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review, vol. 4 (1977): pp. 169-74. Life history.

Jack Tale Players.  Ferrum College. Dramatizing Appalachian folktales since 1975. Web pages with background, photos, and booking information. http://www.ferrum.edu/jacktales.

The Jack Tales Wall. Green Man Press web site. SW VA artist Charles Vess was commissioned in 1992 to create a brick sculpture wall at SW VA Community College, Richlands, VA. Vess explains the use of specific Jack Tales with photos of scenes on the wall. The Book of Ballads and Sagas is another illustrated project by Vess, begun 1995, with "Thomas the Rhymer" written by VA author Sharyn McCrumb. See also A Dream of Apples, art exhibit by Vess, 1998-2002, The Endicott Studio web site, with article by Terri Windling, including paintings of Barbara Allen and Thomas the Rhymer.

Jenkins, Henry. "Kings of the Wild Backyard: Davy Crockett and Children's Space." In Kids' Media Culture. Ed. Marsha Kinder. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 1999. With essays on other types of television and computer influences on children.

"John Henry." See AppLit's index page on variants of the John Henry legend and annotated bibliography.

Johnson, F. Roy, ed. How and Why Stories in Carolina Folklore. Murfreesboro, NC: Johnson Pubs., 1971.

Johnson, F. Roy. Supernaturals Among Carolina Folk and Their Neighbors. Murfreesboro, NC: Johnson Pubs., 1974.

Johnson, F. Roy. "Survivals of Old Christmas." North Carolina Folklore, vol. 19 (1971): pp. 145-50.

Johnson, F. Roy. "Two John Stories." North Carolina Folklore, vol. 20 (1972): pp. 120-22. 

Jones, Loyal. "Leicester Luminist Lighted Local Language and Lore." Appalachian Heritage, 30:1 (Winter 2002): pp. 18-25. Discusses Jim Wayne Miller and folk literature.

Journal of Folklore Research. Special Double Issue: Perspectives on the Jack Tales and Other North American M”rchen. Vol. 38, Nos. 1-2 (January-August 2001). Edited by Carl Lindahl. Includes several tales as well as articles. Abstracts of the articles are at this link, and articles are available online through library databases such as Academic Index. See details under Lindahl, below, on book with the same title. See Appalachian Folktales in General Collections, Journals and Web Sites for details on tales included.

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King, Duane H., and Laura H. King. "The Mythico-Religious Origin of the Cherokees." Appalachian Journal, vol. 2 (1974-75): pp. 259-64.

King, Laura H. "The Cherokee Story-Teller: The Red and Green Crayfish." Journal of Cherokee Studies, vol. 2, no. 2 (Spring 1977): 246-50.

King, Laura H. "The Cherokee Story-Teller: The Trickster Turtle." Journal of Cherokee Studies, vol. 1, no. 2 (Fall 1976): 110-13.

King, Laura H. "The Cherokee Story-Teller: The Ustahli Myth." Journal of Cherokee Studies, vol. 1, no. 1 (Summer 1976): 55-59.

Kleber, John E. The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1992. Page on The Kentucky Encyclopedia at U of KY Press web site. For online version, see http://www.kyenc.com.

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Larch, Lillie. "Cherokee Culture across the Curriculum." Hands On, no. 47 (Spring 1993), pp. 31-33. "A teacher describes how she integrated Cherokee culture and folklore with the required curriculum at Cherokee Elementary School (Cherokee, North Carolina). Includes an annotated list of 22 Native American cultural resources and a list of 30 books and journal articles on folk games and toys and their uses in education" (ERIC item EJ480025).

Larkin, Chuck. "What Is Storytelling?" 1997. Eldrbarry.net. Barry McWilliams' Home Page. Larkin's description of different types and methods of storytelling, from a discussion on the Storyteller Listserv.

Lime Kiln. Since 1983, the unique outdoor Theater at Lime Kiln, near Lexington, VA, has presented dramas based on Appalachian folklore and culture, as well as other plays. Adaptations of specific folktales have included Munci Meg, Three Drops of Blood, and Like Meat Loves Salt (the latter on a web page with 2003 special events). The Baker, the Bear and the Blacksmith is a musical comedy about folk hero Simon Greene. The Magic Mirror is based on Hans Christian Andersen's "The Snow Queen" and set in Virginia.

Lindahl, Carl. "Introduction: Representing and Recovering the British- and Irish-American Märchen." Journal of Folklore Research (Jan.-Aug. 2001): pp. 7+. Full text of critical essay accessed through Academic Index ASAP 1/27/04. Includes picture of a brochure illustrating Richard Chase's self-promotion in the 1980s and a photo of storyteller Dicy Adams. "This brief history of North American Märchen studies identifies some reasons for the academy's neglect of the genre, outlines the careers of the two early collectors (Vance Randolph and Leonard Roberts) most responsible for documenting oral Märchen traditions, and weighs the enormous influence of Richard Chase and his book The Jack Tales on both the academic community and the public at large. The essay also traces the efforts of Herbert Halpert and others to advance British- and Irish-American Märchen studies. It concludes by assessing important recent Märchen scholarship (as exemplified in books by William B. McCarthy, Charles L. Perdue Jr., and Herbert Halpert and J. D. A. Widdowson) and by describing the research of Perdue, Martin Lovelace, and Carl Lindahl included in this volume" (from first page of article).

Lindahl, Carl. Excerpt from “Jacks: The Name, The Tales, The American Traditions” reprinted at Folkstreams.net. See McCarthy''s Jack In Two Worlds below. Excellent introduction to the tradition of British-American Jack Tales.

Lindahl, Carl. Perspectives on the Jack Tales and other North American Märchen. Bloomington, IN: Folklore Institute/Indiana University, Bloomington, 2001. 179 pp. Series: Special Publications of the Folklore Institute, no. 6. Note: "Originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Folklore Research, vol. 38, nos. 1 and 2 (January-August 2001)" (WorldCat). The 2001 journal articles are available in full text through library databases such as InfoTrac (see details under journal title, above).

Lindahl, Carl. "Sounding a Shy Tradition: Oral and Written Styles of American Mountain Märchen." Journal of Folklore Research 38:1-2 (2001 Jan-Aug): pp. 68-98. Includes discussion of Richard Chase, Leonard Roberts, Randolph Vance. See details at this link in Chase bibliography.

Lindahl, Carl. "A Tale of Verbal Economy: 'Stiff Dick.'" Journal of Folklore Research Jan.-August 2001: pp. 1+. Critical essay with text of the tale "Stiff Dick," told by Harmon near Maryville, Tennessee, April 27, 1939. "The tale was recorded by Herbert Halpert for the Archive of American Folk Song and is currently housed in the Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress (recordings AFS 2924B, 2925A)." Lindahl observes that "these tales represent the earliest sound recordings of America's most celebrated Märchen-telling family: the Hicks-Harmon family, whose members include Jane Gentry, Maud Long, and Ray Hicks. . . . the same extended family that provided Richard Chase with many of the stories that appear in Chase's The Jack Tales (1943). Lindahl compares Harmon's "efficient" performance with Chase's longer published tale, "Jack and the Varmints," which was based on four versions collected from the Hicks-Harmon family. Full text accessed 1/14/04 through library database Expanded Academic Index ASAP.

Lindahl, Carl. "Who is Jack?  A Study in Isolation." Fabula: Journal of Folktale Studies, vol. 29 (1988): 374-82.

Lindahl, Carl and Charles L. Perdue, Jr. "Storybook Style: 'Jack and the Green Man.'" Journal of Folklore Research, vol. 38 (Jan.-Aug. 2001): p. 106. Critical essay with the tale as written down by Louise Fontaine Mann, 1945, who said it was passed down through at least five generations of her family in Virginia. Literary diction and allusions indicate that American oral tellers were influenced by literature although tales from Hicks-Harmon family don't have these elements. Compares this tale with others of the type AT 313, "The Girl as Helper in the Hero's Flight"; others have giants as villain and this is the only American one they know that has the green man.

Locher, Jack. "The Persistence of Material and Non-Material Culture: Germanic Influence in Appalachia." Pioneer America Society Transactions, vol. 9 (1986): pp. 57-62.

Lofaro, Michael A., ed. Davy Crockett: The Man, the Legend, the Legacy, 1786-1986. Knoxville: U of Tenn. Press, 1985.

Reviewed in vol. 15 (Spring 1988).

Long, Susan. "Family Heritage: History and Folklore." Traditions: A Journal of West Virginia Folk Culture and Educational Awareness, vol. 1 (Fall-Winter 1993): 6-11. ERIC Abstract: "As a means of integrating Appalachian culture and folklore into the curriculum, a fifth-grade social studies unit has students create a personal history book by studying the origin and history of their own name, developing their own memory stories, developing a family tree, studying family artifacts and old photographs, and interviewing family members. Includes 32 Appalachian resources."

Lopina, Colleen Pierce. "The Reflective Partnership of Folklore and Culture in the Jack Tales." M. A. Thesis. Wake Forest University, Dept. of Liberal Studies, 2001. 58 leaves. Focus on Beech Mountain storytelling in NC.

Lovelace, Martin. "Jack and His Masters: Real Worlds and Tale Worlds in Newfoundland Folktales." Journal of Folklore Research, vol. 38 (Jan.-Aug. 2001): 149ff. Available online through library services such as Academic Index ASAP. Focuses on the way magic tales from Newfoundland transferred values from an agricultural British world to maritime life as they "offer models of behavior for young working-class men, particularly in their relationships with employers." Some comparison with Richard Chase tales is included.

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McCarthy, William Bernard. Jack in Two Worlds: Contemporary North American Tales & Their Tellers. Chapel Hill: Univ. of NC Press, 1994. Contains tales edited by McCarthy, Cheryl Oxford, and Joseph Daniel Sobol, as well as discussions by folklore experts Carl Lindahl, Bill Ellis, Joseph Daniel Sobol, and others. Part I, "The Hicks-Harmon (Beech Mountain) Jack Tale Tradition," gives background and tales from Ray Hicks, Frank Proffitt, Jr., Marshall Ward, Maud Gentry Long, and W. F. H. Nicolaisen. Part 2, "Jack in the Storytelling Revival," includes Leonard Roberts, Donald Davis, Bonely Lugg Kyofski (PA), and Stewart Cameron (Toronto). Discusses Jack Tales before and after 1943 publication by Richard Chase, tellers associated with Chase and others far away from Beech Mountain tradition. McCarthy's introduction examines the effects of Chase's book on perceptions of the tales and on subsequent retellings. Excerpt from Carl Lindahl's “Jacks: The Name, The Tales, The American Traditions” reprinted at Folkstreams.net.

McCarthy, William Bernard. "Olive Dame Campbell and Appalachian Tradition: Selected Papers from the 26th International Ballad Conference (SIEF Ballad Commission), Swansea, Wales, 19-24 July 1996," pp. 69-80. In Cheesman, Tom (ed.); and Rieuwerts, Sigrid (ed.).  Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1999. 283 pp.

McCoy, Edain. In a Graveyard at Midnight: Folk Magick and Wisdom from the Heart of Appalachia. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 1995. xx, 212 pp. On Folk belief systems, magic, and folk medicine.

McDermitt, Barbara Rice Damron. A Comparison of a Scottish and American Storyteller and their Märchen Repertoires. Ph. D. Dissertation. School of Scottish Studies, Univ. of Edinburgh, 1986. 523 pp. 14 plates.

McDermitt, Barbara. "Storytelling and a Boy Named Jack." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 31 (1983): pp. 3-22. Cheryl Oxford's 1987 dissertation observes that this article is one of very few previous scholarly discussions of regional storytellers and their performance style.

MacDonald, Margaret Read, ed. Traditional Storytelling Today. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999. Contains essays "Jack Tales" and "Where Have All the Märchen Gone? Or, Don't They Tell Those Little Stories Any More?"

McNeil, W. K. "Appalachian Folklore Scholarship." Appalachian Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 57.

McNeil, W. K., ed.  Appalachian Images in Folk and Popular Culture. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1989. xix, 348 pp.

McNeil, W. K., ed. Southern Folk Ballads. Vol. 1. American Folklife Series. Little Rock, AK: August House, 1987. Contains ballad variants of "Polly Vaughn."

McNeil, W. K. "Mountain Masculinity: Jokes Southern Mountain Men Tell Themselves," pp. 261-73. In Bronner, Simon J. (ed. and introd.). Manly Traditions: The Folk Roots of American Masculinities. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 2005. xxv, 383 pp.

McNeil, W. K. Review of Quare Do's In Appalachia: East Kentucky Legends and Memorats compiled by Berniece T. Hiser. Appalachian Journal, vol. 6 (Autumn 1978).

McNeil, W. K. Review of Yarns and Tales From the Great Smokies: Some Narratives From the Southern Appalachians, ed. Joseph S. Hall. Appalachian Journal, vol. 8 (Autumn 1980).

McNeil, W. K. "Where Have All the Märchen Gone? Or, Don't They Tell Those Little Stories Any More?" In Traditional Storytelling Today. Ed. Margaret Read MacDonald. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999. pp. 387-93.

Madden, David. "Let Me Tell You the Story: Transforming Oral Tradition." Appalachian Journal, vol. 7 (Spring 1980).

Miller, Danny, Sharon Hatfield, and Gurney Norman, eds. An American Vein: Critical Readings in Appalachian Literature, Athens: Ohio U Press, 2005. Twenty-nine essays by a variety of authors and critics.

Miller, Jim Wayne. "Appalachian Literature: At Home in this World." Article reprinted online by Univ. of KY.

Miller, Jim Wayne. "Appalachian Studies Hard and Soft: The Action Folk and the Creative People." Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review, vol. 9:2-3 (Winter-Spring 1982), pp. 105-114. On history and study of folklore.

Miller, Jim Wayne. "Regions, Folklife, and Literary Criticism." Appalachian Journal, vol. 7 (1980): pp. 180-197.

Milnes, Gerald. Play of a Fiddle: Traditional Music, Dance, and Folklore in West Virginia. Lexington: Univ. Press of KY, 1999.

Milspaw, Yvonne J. "Witchcraft in Appalachia: Protection for the Poor." Indiana Folklore, vol. 11 (1978): pp. 71-86.

Mother Goose House. Built by George Stacy in Hazard, KY, 1935-40, a family home in the shape of Mother Goose. "The building is a concrete hint to the magic of imagination that lies within us all, just waiting for a chance to hatch out and become real just like the Mother Goose."

The Mountain Laurel. "An online journey into 'the Heart of the Blue Ridge Mountains.'" Since 1983, a site containing "history, genealogy from people searching for Blue Ridge Roots, recipes, crafts, interviews, some mighty tall tales, Mountain Backroad Tours to out of the way places, and much more" (Susan Thigpen, editor).

The Mountain Times. "Summer Times 2001," Boone, NC. Local Lore section contains articles "Jack Tales: Mountain Storytelling has Ancient Roots," "Mountain Masters" by Jim Thompson (on Ray Hicks and others), "Orville Hicks Keeps Alive Rich Tradition of Mountain Storytelling," "Cherokee Myths" by Scott Nicholson, "Spirits of the Mountains: High Country Haints, Legends, And Creepy Places" by Scott Nicholson. Also a number of articles on colorful characters, heroes, historical stories, myths, and folk beliefs.

Museum of the Cherokee Indian. Cherokee, NC. Web site has information on the museum archives, exhibits and collections, educational programs, events, gift shop.

N

National Storytelling Network. Formerly the "National Association for the Preservation and Perpetuation of Storytelling (NAPPS), which as a result of explosive growth in the '80's, changed its name to The National Storytelling Association," and later split into NSN and the International Storytelling Center. Web site contains many links to story sources, members' web sites, and other storytelling resources and programs.

Neal, Brenda Acton. "Dan Leidig. Dousing for the Genuine: Teaching and Writing in Appalachia." Now and Then, vol. 9 (Spring 1992): 16-17, 32. ERIC Abstract: "Leidig discusses his English teaching career at Emory and Henry College (Virginia), where for many years he offered courses in poetry and folk literature. He believes these courses were influential with Appalachian students because they encouraged the connection between the study of literary works and student experience."

Neal, Jocelyn. "Ernest Stoneman's 1927 Session: Hillbilly Recordings of Gospel Hymns," pp. 187-214. In Wolfe, Charles K. and Ted Olson, Ted, eds. The Bristol Sessions: Writing About the Big Bang of Country Music. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005. ix, 296 pp.

Nicolaisen, W. F. H. "AT 1535 in Beech Mountain, North Carolina." Book published by Nicolaisen, 1978-1983? 13 leaves (information from WorldCat). An article with the same title appeared in Scandinavian Yearbook of Folklore, vol. 36 (1980): pp. 99-106.

Nicolaisen, W. F. H. "English Jack and American Jack." Midwest Journal of Language and Folklore 4 (1978): pp. 27-36. Discusses Jack's name as a general one synonymous with "a boy," and disagrees with Carriere's views of Jack as a humble mountain boy with a distinctive personality. Argues that Jack speaks the dialect of the storyteller, that language differences and regional details don't indicate that his character changed in America. Jack's actions are the same in English and American tales in spite of strange combinations of Old and New World details. His family circumstances are the same, whether only child or youngest of three brothers (with James and John in Britain, Will and Tom in America, Tom and James in at least one Scottish tale). Although Richard Chase tried to make Jack a more consistent character, examples from Joseph Jacobs and Jane Gentry (NC) show that the teller wasn't bothered by Jack being different characters in different tales. Chase's Jack is lazy, boastful, greedy, deceitful, and quick-witted at times, like clever culture heroes, while Maud Long's Jack is more virtuous and confident like European märchen heroes. Ray Hicks tries to smooth over the differences when details show that his Jack isn't really one person. In both old and new cultures he is "the same different Jack," doesn't need to acculturate because he varies. "He is the folktale hero par excellence of our western folk-narrative tradition" (32).

Nicolaisen, W. F. H.  "Why Tell Stories about Innocent, Persecuted Heroines?" Western Folklore, vol. 52, no. 1, Perspectives on the Innocent Persecuted Heroine in Fairy Tales. (Jan. 1993): pp. 61-71. Available online through library services such as JSTOR. Nicolaisen analyzes the nature of the persecution and persecutors in about two dozen tales of heroines related to Cinderella: primary persecution in her home and secondary persecution in a later place of employment. The persecution at home is moral, caused by restrictions on the father's marriage choices left by the dead wife more than the lechery of the father figure. Or the father figure despises the girl for various reasons or tries to commit her to an undesirable marriage. Chase's Catskins is a mistreated orphan, with "a moral dimension...added to her physical persecution when she foolishly decides to wear the wedding dress of the man's dead wife" (65). With supernatural help or just her own resourcefulness, the heroine in disguise works her way through her period of alternating disgrace and triumph, and brings about her marriage to the prince. "Persecuted she may be, weak and resourceless she is not. Thus these tales, despite their unpromising beginnings, turn out to be painfully-glorious celebrations of the indomitable power and spirit of womanhood" (69). It's not just the happy marriage chosen by the heroine that makes these tales popular, but the way the social order is restored at the end; the heroine loses and is restored, "mainly through her own initiative," to "her rightful place in the world." Even in a less hierarchical world "we still enjoy listening to the adventures of Cap o' Rushes...and other members of their sisterhood, making their plight and their new-found self-reliance and strength our own" (70).

North Carolina Folk Heritage Award: Bertie Dickens, Emma Dupree, the Five Royales, Leonard Glenn, Ray Hicks, Algia Mae Hinton, A. C. Overton, Laughlin Shaw. Raleigh: North Carolina Arts Council, 1992. 16 pp.

North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 26, no. 2 (Sept. 1978): pp. 51-143, a special issue on Jack Tales. Ed. Thomas McGowan. For details, see entries under Charles T. Davis, C. Paige Gutierrez, W. H. Ward on this page, and McGowan, "Four Beech Mountain Tales" at Appalachian Folktales in General Collections, Journals and Web Sites.

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O'Connell, Barry. "Whose Land and Music Shall Ours Be? Reflections on the History of Protest in the Southern Mountains." Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review, vol. 12:1 (Fall 1984): pp. 18-30.

The Ohio State University. Center for Folklore Studies. An interdisciplinary academic degree-granting program.

Old Handed Down Tales has picture of Ray Hicks with background on Richard Chase and Jack Tales. Web pages of Appalachian Cultural Museum, Appalachian State Univ., 2001.

Olson, Ted. "A Ballad Collector Extraordinaire Comes to the Mountains." Appalachian Heritage, vol. 19:1 (Winter1991): pp. 20-26. Discusses Cecil Sharp.

Olson, Ted. "Cherokee Stickball: A Changing Tradition." Journal of the Appalachian Studies Association, vol. 5 (1993): pp. 84-93. "Discusses the history of Cherokee stickball, a ball game dating back at least to the 1500s that was once used (as an alternative to war) for resolving grievances between tribes and townships. Describes traditional aspects of Cherokee stickball and notes the steady decline of the game and its traditional rules and ceremonies" (ERIC item EJ480072). See AppLit page on Cherokee legend The Animal Ball Game.

"Once Upon a Time: A Collection of Young People's Folklore." North Carolina Folklore, vol. 20 (1972): pp. 108-14.

Oral Traditions: Swapping Stories. The focus is on Louisiana folklore, not Appalachia, but this site, which includes John Henry and Virginia Hamilton as additional examples, provides detailed models of lesson plans for examining oral storytelling traditions, tall tales, urban legends, regional folk heroes, family stories, and media celebrities, linked with state standards of learning. For English Language Arts and Social Studies, grades 4-8.

Ord, Priscilla, ed. "Special Section: Folklore." Children's Literature Association Quarterly, vol. 6, no. 2 (Summer 1981): 11-33. Includes both folklore for children and folklore of children. (note by Linnea Hendrickson).

Orr, Joan Green, ed. Fading Voices. Special edition of the Journal of Cherokee Studies, vol. 14 (1991).

Owens, Guy. "The Use of Folklore in Fiction." North Carolina Folklore, vol. 19 (1971): pp. 73-79.

Owens, William T. "Country Roads, Hollers, Coal Towns, and Much More: A Teacher's Guide to Teaching about Appalachia." The Social Studies, vol. 91 (July 2000): pp.178+. After finding nothing on the region in a teacher supply story in an Appalachian city, Owens collected material on southern Appalachia and encourages teachers everywhere to include it in their multicultural studies. The article summarizes background on geography, economy, language, and methods for avoiding stereotyping and inaccuracy. Owens recommends Ashpet and other literature for introducing Appalachian culture in the classroom. The long bibliography covers many topics, giving grade levels recommended for literature. Full text (with some typos) accessed 1/16/04 through Academic Index ASAP.

Oxford, Cheryl Lynne. "They Call Him 'Lucky Jack': Three Performance-Centered Case Studies of Storytelling in Watauga County, North Carolina." Ph.D. Dissertation. Northwestern University, 1987. Abstract available online in DAI, 48, no. 08A (1987): 2135. Oxford studied Marshall Ward (telling "Jack in the Lions' Den" in his home in Banner Elk four months before he died on Nov. 11, 1981), Stanley Hicks (telling "Jack and the Bull") and Ray Hicks (telling three Jack tales; Chapter V is reprinted in "The Storyteller as Shaman" - see Hicks bibliography in this web site). "Within the boundaries of one mountain county and one märchen cycle, these regional raconteurs demonstrate remarkably different storytelling styles. The challenge posed for this ethnographic study has been to capture in print the performance artistry of these stellar storytellers." Outlines previous research on NC Jack tales, and "the development of the performance-centered approach to folkloristics, beginning in 1923." Chapter 2 notes that "The three Jack-tellers from western North Carolina frame their performances with a variety of devices, including appeals to tradition, disclaimers of performance ability, and distancing laughter to mark the conclusion of tales," although Ray Hicks' style lacks "formal framing signals. His Jack Tales often emerge out of autobiographical reflections and then blend back into continuing accounts of his own life saga" (pp. 34-35). Oxford was most influenced by Richard Dorson, Ruth Fennegan, Linda Dégh, Henry Glassie, Dell Hymes, Roger Abrahams, Richard Bauman, and Dan Ben-Amos in developing her "performance approach to folkloristics." Chapter 3 observes that "Marshall Ward did more than any other regional folk artist to insure the survival of the hardy Jack cycle" (see article  It is a sad irony, however, that this preservation-minded storyteller evidently failed to tell "Jack in the Lion's Den" for inclusion in Richard Chase's print collection. Consequently, this tale does not seem to have been preserved in the Beech Mountain oral tradition, a tradition which inevitably interfaces with literacy." Oxford quotes Walter Ong on the adaptability of literacy and its ability to restore the memory of the oral antecedents it also consumes, as her "work of literacy attempts to restore and preserve the memory of Marshall Ward and his oral storytelling hertiage" (pp. 41-42). See also Cheryl Oxford Collection in Folklore Archive Materials.

Oyate Publications. Provides guidelines for evaluating depictions of Native American peoples and traditions, with evaluations of individual books. http://www.oyate.org/catalog/oyatePubs.html.

P-Q

Painter, Helen W. "Richard Chase: Mountain Folklorist and Storyteller." Elementary Education, vol. 40 (November 1963): pp. 677-86. Reports on Chase's folktales, especially the Jack tales (citation from Linnea Hendrickson). See also AppLit's Chase bibliography.

Parker, Kathy. "Building the Digital Library of Appalachia." Virginia Libraries, vol. 51 (Jan./Feb./Mar. 2005). See also Pauley, below.

Parris, John A. These Storied Mountains. Asheville, NC: Citizen-Times Pub., 1972.

Pauley, Andrew. "The Collective Memory of the Digital Library of Appalachia." Virginia Libraries, vol. 53 (Jan./Feb./Mar. 2007). See also K. Parker, above.

Perdue, Charles L., Jr. "The Americanization of John Egerton and Aunt Arie." Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review, vol. 11:4 (Summer 1984): pp. 437-441.

Perdue, Charles L., Jr. "Is Old Jack Really Richard Chase?" Journal of Folklore Research, vol. 38 (2001): 111-38. Analyzes Chase's transmission of oral tales he collected and the extent to which his versions reflect his own character. Abstract of article at this link. This is in a Special Double Issue: Perspectives on the Jack Tales and Other North American Märchen. Full text accessed through InfoTrac Web 5/8/03. See also Perdue's Outwitting the Devil in Appalachian Folktale Collections bibliography.

Price, Charles Edwin. A Student Guide to Collecting Folklore. Johnson City, TN: Overmountain Press, 1996. 30 pp. See cover and description at Overmountain Press.

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Raymond, Tom (photographer). Timeless Voices: Images of the National Storytelling Festival. Jonesborough, Tenn.: National Storytelling Network, 1997. 48 pp., chiefly color illus.

Reese, Jay Robert. "Goals for the Collection and Use of Appalachian Oral Materials in the 1980s," pp. 230-235. In Somerville, Wilson, ed. Appalachia/America: Proceedings of the 1980 Appalachian Studies Conference. Johnson City, TN: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1981.

Renner, Craig J. "America's Jack: The Trickster Hero of Our Shy Tradition." The World & I:  The Magazine for Lifelong Learning  Sept. 1998:  224-31. Contains brief history of Jack tales in Europe and America, citing mainly Lindahl and Perdue. Includes two pictures of Ferrum College Jack Tale Players. Full text (without pictures) accessed through Academic Index ASAP 1/15/04.

Reynolds, David. "Customary Ritual and Male Rites of Passage in Lee Smith's Oral History." North Carolina Folklore Journal, vol. 42:2 (Summer-Fall 1995): pp. 113-22.

Richards, Bill. "Walking Catfish & Other Whoppers: The Walking Catfish and Other Whoppers From Tennessee." The Washington Post 10 Oct. 1977, Final Edition: Style C1. Full text accessed through Lexis-Nexis 5/7/07. About the fifth Annual National Storytelling Festival at Jonesborough, TN and storytellers Doc McConnell, Kathryn Windham, Jackie Torrence, and 73-year-old Richard Chase. Includes comments on Jack Tales and African American tales.

Roseberry, Helen and Jane Shook, ed. Remembrance, Reunion and Revival: Celebrating a Decade of Appalachian Studies. Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium P, 1988.